Personalizing COPD care: phenotypes, endotypes, GETomics, the the trajectome, syndemics and treatable traits
Personalized COPD care: redefining disease management
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a major public health problem because of its high prevalence (about 10% of the adult general population), increasing incidence (in relation to the ageing of the population), associated morbi-mortality (it currently ranks third among the global causes of death) and familial, societal and economic costs.
COPD as a global health burden and its heterogeneity
Because COPD is a complex and heterogeneous condition, to move forward towards a precise, personalized and more effective management of the disease, the complexity and heterogeneity of the disease must be considered in every single patient.
In recent years, several new observations have been published and some new concepts have been proposed to move into this direction.
We review these observations and concepts, and discuss how to transfer them into practice.
Evolving understanding of COPD pathophysiology
Our understanding of the pathophysiology of COPD and management of patients suffering this disease has changed very significantly over the past few years.
We reviewed above the most relevant aspects of this change.
The main messages here are that COPD can start early in life and is not always related to smoking (which, nonetheless continues to be the main environmental risk factor of COPD and should therefore be combated always), that we must anticipate the diagnosis of COPD, moving it to…
Authors
Alvar Agusti, Rosa Faner
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Fecha de publicación
Available online 30 October 2025
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